ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL JUSTICE:
Exploring a Disputed Terrain
Exploring a Disputed Terrain
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The relationship between our “environment” and “social justice” conjures up an array of meanings, all of which reveal a disputed intellectual terrain. This course surveys that terrain, and attempts to identify key ideas, themes, actors, and strategies.
Most agree our environment faces several urgent crises, not the least of which is the pressing issue of climate change. The pursuit of “social justice” has long been proposed to seek a more prosperous and sustainable future. And yet, despite these claims, decision-makers (in the political and economic realms) are reluctant to pursue measures that challenge the global fossil fuels industry. At times, modest green strategies are pursued when research suggests more urgency is required. In other places, like the Canadian context, outright denial meets those posing green questions.
And yet, these trends have not gone unopposed. In recent years, a grassroots “climate justice” movement has championed principles informed by those most impacted by environmental degradation: Indigenous (Aboriginal) Peoples, Southern nations, racialized groups, coastal areas, and women in these (and other) marginalized populations. This movement has challenged powerful adversaries, and impacted elite conversations. Some insist it has changed the nature of green activism itself, transcending divisions between “conservationist” environmentalism and others calling for more transformative change.
Still, various perspectives clash around our “environment” and “social justice”, leading many to question the value of this perceived relationship in the first place, and the means by which to address key problems. How effective, for example, are judicial arenas for green campaigns? What is the role of green activism and social movements, and what are their contradictions? Can (or should) green activism discuss colonialism, capitalism, patriarchy, racism, and other structural barriers to social justice? And what role do established progressive groups (like unions, and large NGOs) offer in proposing green alternatives, torn as they are between existing power structures, and grassroots opposition to them?
Based on the active participation of seminar participants, we explore these and other questions in this course. Our collective experience, interest, and commitment will be crucial.
EVALUATION
1) Class participation, 20% of your final mark.
Your grade for class participation is based on your active engagement in our learning process. Some may think this means speaking frequently in class, while others who are shy might assume they can hold back and express themselves to me privately.
Both assumptions are false. Above all, we are interested in the quality of your contributions, not the quantity of them. Students who face challenges around shyness should speak to me immediately about how they can facilitate effective class participation.
At a minimum, I expect you to discuss the merits of our course readings. I also expect you to engage in our learning process, and demonstrate a commitment to active listening and appreciative inquiry as others do the same (we will establish our expectations for these and other things during our first class).
2) Weekly written reflections (500 words), 40% of your final mark.
Due: Noon EST the day before our class (submitted by cuLearn).
Each week, you will write a reflection that provides a thesis, evidence, antithesis, and synthesis drawn from our course materials. Expectations for this work will be explained in our first and second classes.
3) Class facilitation, 10% of your final mark.
You are also expected to facilitate our group discussion for one of our thematic weeks. Starting in Week Four, this work will be done with three or four of your fellow co-learners, and avoid the use of slide presentations.
Learning how to foster vibrant debate is a key skill, one that will serve you well in your academic journey, and even your future professional exploits. Most presenters struggle with how to stimulate interest, and usually resort to some version of the powerpoint, “TED talk strategy”.
Research suggests that while that approach can work, it pales in comparison to presentation methods that engage and involve participants through a variety of methods. With that in mind, I encourage you to meet with me about your group’s strategy for facilitating class discussion.
Above all, be creative in what you prepare for us; assume we are familiar with course materials, and curious about their relationship to other issues. Consider what those are, and what facilitation techniques can stimulate conversations about them.
4) Take home exam, 30% of your final mark.
Our take-home exam will invite you to reflect on several of our key course themes. A certain degree of choice will be available, but you will be expected to demonstrate a mastery of overarching narratives in this syllabus. A comparative analysis of different cases will also be important.
As per university rules, the take-home exam is assigned at end of our last class, and due on the final day of the exa
COURSE TEXT*
Julian Agyeman, et al., Speaking for Ourselves: Environmental Justice in Canada, ed. (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2009).
*Please note: this text will be available at Octopus Books (116 Third Avenue in the “Glebe”). Any additional readings are made available on this website.
SYLLABUS
1. Getting to Know "Us"
No assigned readings.
Sample weekly reflection: Joel Harden, "Why States Need Enemies: A Modern Appreciation of Cold War Politics"
2. Perspectives on “Environment” and “Social Justice”
Eliza Griswold, “How Silent Spring Ignited the Environmental Movement”. The New York Times September 21, 2012.
Amy Goodman and Naomi Klein, “Capitalism vs. the Climate: Naomi Klein on Need for New Economic Model to Address Ecological Crisis”, Democracy Now! (September 18, 2014).
Mark Jaccard, "I Wish This Changed Everything: Is a Radical Economic Overhaul our Best Hope to Save the Climate?", Literary Review of Canada (November 2014).
3. Perspectives on “Environment” and “Social Justice” (continued)
Ezra Levant, “Climate Change Hoax: Report by UN Body May Suggest Climate Crisis Overblown”. The Toronto Sun. September 16, 2013.
Joel Harden, "Powershift? Grassroots Activism in Movements for Climate Justice", in Quiet No More: New Political Activism in Canada and Around the Globe (Toronto: Lorimer, 2013), pp. 60-72.
Vandana Shiva, "Climate Justice Requires a New Paradigm", New Left Project (November 28, 2011).
Robert Lovelace, “Notes from Prison: Protecting Algonquin Lands from Uranium Mining” in Speaking for Ourselves: Environmental Justice in Canada. UBC Press: Vancouver, 2009.
4. Environmental Justice: Global Implications
Film: The Island President. Directed by Jon Schenk. Los Angeles: Actual Films, 2012.
Prime Minister of Canada, "Canada's National Statement at COP 21" (November 30, 2015).
Vice News, "Naomi Klein and Jeremy Corbyn: COP 21 - Climate Emergency (Dispatch 5)" (December 12, 2015).
Supplementary sources:
- Ahmed Adheeb, Struggle in paradise: The case against former Maldives President Mohamed Rasheed, CNN (September 12, 2015).
- Mohammed Rasheed, Real Conservatives Don’t Burn Coal (March 18, 2014).
- Mychaylo Prystupa, Canada Shocks COP21 With Big New Climate Goal, National Observer (December 7, 2015).
- Russell Diabo, “Appointment of Michael Wernick as top federal bureaucrat in Ottawa should be a concern for Aboriginal Peoples, especially First Nations”, APTN (January 26, 2016)
- Nick Logan, “Success is Just Progress: Naomi Klein’s Cautious Optimism for COP21”, Global News (December 1, 2015).
- Coral Davenport, Deal On Carbon Emissions by Obama and Xi Jinping Raises Hopes for Upcoming Paris Climate Talks, New York Times (November 12, 2014).
- Geoffrey Lean, “It’s Renewable Energy Where the Chinese Can Really Help Us”, The Telegraph (October 20, 2015).
5. Issues in Environmental Justice: Environmental Justice and Aboriginal Peoples in Canada
Pam Palmater, “Feathers Versus Guns: The Throne Speech and Canada’s War with the Mi’kmaw Nation”, Rabble.ca. October 18, 2013.
Sarah Fleisher Trainor et al., “Environmental Injustice in the Far North: Persistent Organic Pollutants and Arctic Climate Impacts” in Speaking for Ourselves.
Deborah McGregor, “Honouring Our Relations: An Anishnaabe Perspective on Environmental Justice”, Speaking for Ourselves.
Harden, Quiet No More, pp. 70-83.
Supplementary sources:
- Ken Coates, "The Indian Act and the Future of Aboriginal Governance in Canada" (May 2008: National Centre for First Nations Governance)
- Jeffrey Simpson, "Too Many First Nations People Live in a Dream Palace", Globe and Mail (December 17, 2013).
- Terry Glavin, "Idle No More? Let's Get Serious", The Ottawa Citizen (January 1, 2013).
6. Issues in Environmental Justice: Environmental Racism
Howard McCurdy, “Africville: Environmental Racism” in Laura Westra & Peter S. Wenz, eds., Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice. Toronto: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.
Robert Bullard, “Introduction”, and “Environmental Justice for All” in Robert Bullard, ed., Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Colour. San Fransisco: Sierra Club Books, 1993.
Beenash Jafri, “Rethinking ‘Green’ Multicultural Strategies” in Speaking for Ourselves.
Supplementary sources:
- Shelagh Mackenzie (Director), Remember Africville [Short film]. Ottawa: National Film Board, 1991.
- Claude Baikie and Saundra Collis, "Africville is an Eyesore" [Interview]. CBC, 1962.
- Amy Goodman, "Thirsty for Democracy: The Poisoning of an American City (Special Report on Flint's Water Crisis)", Democracy Now! (February 17, 2016).
- Greg Branch, "The Real Tragedy in Flint" [personal blog of a local journalist, and former city councillor] (January 17, 2016).
- Christine Herbes-Sommers (Director), Race: The Power of an Illusion [Documentary film]. Los Angeles: California Newsreel, 2003.
7. Issues in Environmental Justice: Ecofeminism
Barbra Rahder, “Invisible Sisters and Environmental Justice in Canada” in Speaking for Ourselves.
Mary Mellor, “Towards a Feminist Green Socialism” in Carolyn Merchant, ed., Ecology: Key Concepts in Critical Theory 2nd Edition. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2008.
Terre Nash, "Who's Counting? Marilyn Waring on Sex, Lies, and Global Economics" (Montreal: National Film Board, 1995).
Supplementary sources:
- Robert Verchick, "Katrina, Feminism, and Environmental Justice", Cardozo Women's Law Journal (2007).
- Vandana Shiva, "Solutions to the Food and Ecological Crisis Facing us Today", TEDxMasala (September 24, 2012).
8. Legal Mobilization and Environmental Justice
Dayna Nadine Scott, “Body Polluted: Questions of Scale, Gender, and Remedy”, Occasional CLPE Research Paper No. 21. Toronto: Osgoode Hall Law School, 2010.
[Short film]: The Indignants, "Aamjiwnaang and Sarnia Toxic Tour" (2013).
[Film trailer]: "The Beloved Community" (California Newsreel: 2006).
Supplementary sources:
- Andy Crosby, "We Didn't Cross the Pipeline. The Pipeline Crossed Us -- Enbridge Pipelines Manually Shut Down by Activists", The Leveller (January 25, 2016).
- "Enbridge Boosts Security After Pipeline Sabotage Incidents", The Canadian Press (January 17, 2016).
9. Struggles for Recognition in the Context of Environmental Justice
Chief Bernard Ominayak with Kevin Thomas, “These are Lubicon Lands: A First Nation Forced to Step into the Regulatory Gap” in Speaking for Ourselves.
Greenpeace Canada, "Oil on Lubicon Land: A Photo-Essay" (2011).
The Real News Network, "Canada's Lubicon Nation Continue Anti-Fracking Campaign, Court Injunction" (January 2014).
Supplementary sources:
- Lubicon Lake Nation, "Chronology of Fraudulent Lubicon Election", (n.d., accessed March 9, 2016).
- Billy Joe Laboucan, "We All Have a Role to Play in Reconciliation", Calgary Herald (March 20, 2015).
- Government of Canada (Indigenous and Northern Affairs) "Canada and Lubicon Lake Band Take a Major Step Forward with Signing of Negotiation Framework" (December 1, 2014).
10. The Case for the Energy East Pipeline
Françoise Bertrand, "Ottawa Needs to Step Up, Make the Case for Energy East", Globe and Mail (February 18, 2016).
Lauren Krugel, "Energy East Talks With First Nations on the Right Path: Fontaine", Canadian Press (November 6, 2014).
TransCanada Ltd., Energy East Pipeline (*note: this is the website making the case for the project -- all tabs must be read).
Brian Lee Crowley, “Energy East has Benefits: Just Not the Ones Many People Think”, The Globe and Mail (November 28, 2014).
Supplementary sources:
- Blair King, "I Support the Energy East Pipeline as a Pragmatic Environmentalist", Huffington Post (January 26, 2016).
- Mychalo Prystupa, "Political Support Growing to Refine Alberta's Oil, Not Export It", Vancouver Observer (February 12, 2014).
- Shawn McCarthy, "First Nations Leader Phil Fontaine: An Angry Radical Embraces Compromise", Globe and Mail (May 16, 2014).
11. The Case Against the Energy East Pipeline
Ecology Ottawa, Tar Free 613 (*note: this is a website opposing the project -- all tabs must be read).
Joel Harden and Govind Rao, "Energy Sector Collective Bargaining: Research Report", Written for the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union (April 2012).
Tim Jackson and Peter Victor, Green Economy at Community Scale (Toronto: Metcalf Foundation, November 2013).
Supplementary sources:
- Mike De Souza, "Canadian Regulator Halts TransCanada Pipeline Construction Following Spills", Reuters Canada (November 20, 2015).
- Mike De Souza, "NEB Emails Reveal Pattern of Off-Record Meetings With Pipeline Industry", National Observer (March 17, 2016).
12. Seeking Environmental Justice: Controversies and Debates
Sharmeen Khan, “Just Environmentalism? An Interview With Clayton Thomas Muller” Upping the Anti 7 (2009).
Henia Belalia, “Is Professional Activism Getting in the Way of Real Change?”, Alternet (October 29, 2013).
Michael Winship, "Naomi Klein: Climate Change is Not Just 'About Things Getter Hotter, It's About Things Getting Meaner'", Common Dreams (February 3, 2016).
Bill McKibben, "Why We Need to Keep 80% of Fossil Fuels in the Ground", Common Dreams (February 16, 2016).
The relationship between our “environment” and “social justice” conjures up an array of meanings, all of which reveal a disputed intellectual terrain. This course surveys that terrain, and attempts to identify key ideas, themes, actors, and strategies.
Most agree our environment faces several urgent crises, not the least of which is the pressing issue of climate change. The pursuit of “social justice” has long been proposed to seek a more prosperous and sustainable future. And yet, despite these claims, decision-makers (in the political and economic realms) are reluctant to pursue measures that challenge the global fossil fuels industry. At times, modest green strategies are pursued when research suggests more urgency is required. In other places, like the Canadian context, outright denial meets those posing green questions.
And yet, these trends have not gone unopposed. In recent years, a grassroots “climate justice” movement has championed principles informed by those most impacted by environmental degradation: Indigenous (Aboriginal) Peoples, Southern nations, racialized groups, coastal areas, and women in these (and other) marginalized populations. This movement has challenged powerful adversaries, and impacted elite conversations. Some insist it has changed the nature of green activism itself, transcending divisions between “conservationist” environmentalism and others calling for more transformative change.
Still, various perspectives clash around our “environment” and “social justice”, leading many to question the value of this perceived relationship in the first place, and the means by which to address key problems. How effective, for example, are judicial arenas for green campaigns? What is the role of green activism and social movements, and what are their contradictions? Can (or should) green activism discuss colonialism, capitalism, patriarchy, racism, and other structural barriers to social justice? And what role do established progressive groups (like unions, and large NGOs) offer in proposing green alternatives, torn as they are between existing power structures, and grassroots opposition to them?
Based on the active participation of seminar participants, we explore these and other questions in this course. Our collective experience, interest, and commitment will be crucial.
EVALUATION
1) Class participation, 20% of your final mark.
Your grade for class participation is based on your active engagement in our learning process. Some may think this means speaking frequently in class, while others who are shy might assume they can hold back and express themselves to me privately.
Both assumptions are false. Above all, we are interested in the quality of your contributions, not the quantity of them. Students who face challenges around shyness should speak to me immediately about how they can facilitate effective class participation.
At a minimum, I expect you to discuss the merits of our course readings. I also expect you to engage in our learning process, and demonstrate a commitment to active listening and appreciative inquiry as others do the same (we will establish our expectations for these and other things during our first class).
2) Weekly written reflections (500 words), 40% of your final mark.
Due: Noon EST the day before our class (submitted by cuLearn).
Each week, you will write a reflection that provides a thesis, evidence, antithesis, and synthesis drawn from our course materials. Expectations for this work will be explained in our first and second classes.
3) Class facilitation, 10% of your final mark.
You are also expected to facilitate our group discussion for one of our thematic weeks. Starting in Week Four, this work will be done with three or four of your fellow co-learners, and avoid the use of slide presentations.
Learning how to foster vibrant debate is a key skill, one that will serve you well in your academic journey, and even your future professional exploits. Most presenters struggle with how to stimulate interest, and usually resort to some version of the powerpoint, “TED talk strategy”.
Research suggests that while that approach can work, it pales in comparison to presentation methods that engage and involve participants through a variety of methods. With that in mind, I encourage you to meet with me about your group’s strategy for facilitating class discussion.
Above all, be creative in what you prepare for us; assume we are familiar with course materials, and curious about their relationship to other issues. Consider what those are, and what facilitation techniques can stimulate conversations about them.
4) Take home exam, 30% of your final mark.
Our take-home exam will invite you to reflect on several of our key course themes. A certain degree of choice will be available, but you will be expected to demonstrate a mastery of overarching narratives in this syllabus. A comparative analysis of different cases will also be important.
As per university rules, the take-home exam is assigned at end of our last class, and due on the final day of the exa
COURSE TEXT*
Julian Agyeman, et al., Speaking for Ourselves: Environmental Justice in Canada, ed. (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2009).
*Please note: this text will be available at Octopus Books (116 Third Avenue in the “Glebe”). Any additional readings are made available on this website.
SYLLABUS
1. Getting to Know "Us"
No assigned readings.
Sample weekly reflection: Joel Harden, "Why States Need Enemies: A Modern Appreciation of Cold War Politics"
2. Perspectives on “Environment” and “Social Justice”
Eliza Griswold, “How Silent Spring Ignited the Environmental Movement”. The New York Times September 21, 2012.
Amy Goodman and Naomi Klein, “Capitalism vs. the Climate: Naomi Klein on Need for New Economic Model to Address Ecological Crisis”, Democracy Now! (September 18, 2014).
Mark Jaccard, "I Wish This Changed Everything: Is a Radical Economic Overhaul our Best Hope to Save the Climate?", Literary Review of Canada (November 2014).
3. Perspectives on “Environment” and “Social Justice” (continued)
Ezra Levant, “Climate Change Hoax: Report by UN Body May Suggest Climate Crisis Overblown”. The Toronto Sun. September 16, 2013.
Joel Harden, "Powershift? Grassroots Activism in Movements for Climate Justice", in Quiet No More: New Political Activism in Canada and Around the Globe (Toronto: Lorimer, 2013), pp. 60-72.
Vandana Shiva, "Climate Justice Requires a New Paradigm", New Left Project (November 28, 2011).
Robert Lovelace, “Notes from Prison: Protecting Algonquin Lands from Uranium Mining” in Speaking for Ourselves: Environmental Justice in Canada. UBC Press: Vancouver, 2009.
4. Environmental Justice: Global Implications
Film: The Island President. Directed by Jon Schenk. Los Angeles: Actual Films, 2012.
Prime Minister of Canada, "Canada's National Statement at COP 21" (November 30, 2015).
Vice News, "Naomi Klein and Jeremy Corbyn: COP 21 - Climate Emergency (Dispatch 5)" (December 12, 2015).
Supplementary sources:
- Ahmed Adheeb, Struggle in paradise: The case against former Maldives President Mohamed Rasheed, CNN (September 12, 2015).
- Mohammed Rasheed, Real Conservatives Don’t Burn Coal (March 18, 2014).
- Mychaylo Prystupa, Canada Shocks COP21 With Big New Climate Goal, National Observer (December 7, 2015).
- Russell Diabo, “Appointment of Michael Wernick as top federal bureaucrat in Ottawa should be a concern for Aboriginal Peoples, especially First Nations”, APTN (January 26, 2016)
- Nick Logan, “Success is Just Progress: Naomi Klein’s Cautious Optimism for COP21”, Global News (December 1, 2015).
- Coral Davenport, Deal On Carbon Emissions by Obama and Xi Jinping Raises Hopes for Upcoming Paris Climate Talks, New York Times (November 12, 2014).
- Geoffrey Lean, “It’s Renewable Energy Where the Chinese Can Really Help Us”, The Telegraph (October 20, 2015).
5. Issues in Environmental Justice: Environmental Justice and Aboriginal Peoples in Canada
Pam Palmater, “Feathers Versus Guns: The Throne Speech and Canada’s War with the Mi’kmaw Nation”, Rabble.ca. October 18, 2013.
Sarah Fleisher Trainor et al., “Environmental Injustice in the Far North: Persistent Organic Pollutants and Arctic Climate Impacts” in Speaking for Ourselves.
Deborah McGregor, “Honouring Our Relations: An Anishnaabe Perspective on Environmental Justice”, Speaking for Ourselves.
Harden, Quiet No More, pp. 70-83.
Supplementary sources:
- Ken Coates, "The Indian Act and the Future of Aboriginal Governance in Canada" (May 2008: National Centre for First Nations Governance)
- Jeffrey Simpson, "Too Many First Nations People Live in a Dream Palace", Globe and Mail (December 17, 2013).
- Terry Glavin, "Idle No More? Let's Get Serious", The Ottawa Citizen (January 1, 2013).
6. Issues in Environmental Justice: Environmental Racism
Howard McCurdy, “Africville: Environmental Racism” in Laura Westra & Peter S. Wenz, eds., Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice. Toronto: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.
Robert Bullard, “Introduction”, and “Environmental Justice for All” in Robert Bullard, ed., Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Colour. San Fransisco: Sierra Club Books, 1993.
Beenash Jafri, “Rethinking ‘Green’ Multicultural Strategies” in Speaking for Ourselves.
Supplementary sources:
- Shelagh Mackenzie (Director), Remember Africville [Short film]. Ottawa: National Film Board, 1991.
- Claude Baikie and Saundra Collis, "Africville is an Eyesore" [Interview]. CBC, 1962.
- Amy Goodman, "Thirsty for Democracy: The Poisoning of an American City (Special Report on Flint's Water Crisis)", Democracy Now! (February 17, 2016).
- Greg Branch, "The Real Tragedy in Flint" [personal blog of a local journalist, and former city councillor] (January 17, 2016).
- Christine Herbes-Sommers (Director), Race: The Power of an Illusion [Documentary film]. Los Angeles: California Newsreel, 2003.
7. Issues in Environmental Justice: Ecofeminism
Barbra Rahder, “Invisible Sisters and Environmental Justice in Canada” in Speaking for Ourselves.
Mary Mellor, “Towards a Feminist Green Socialism” in Carolyn Merchant, ed., Ecology: Key Concepts in Critical Theory 2nd Edition. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2008.
Terre Nash, "Who's Counting? Marilyn Waring on Sex, Lies, and Global Economics" (Montreal: National Film Board, 1995).
Supplementary sources:
- Robert Verchick, "Katrina, Feminism, and Environmental Justice", Cardozo Women's Law Journal (2007).
- Vandana Shiva, "Solutions to the Food and Ecological Crisis Facing us Today", TEDxMasala (September 24, 2012).
8. Legal Mobilization and Environmental Justice
Dayna Nadine Scott, “Body Polluted: Questions of Scale, Gender, and Remedy”, Occasional CLPE Research Paper No. 21. Toronto: Osgoode Hall Law School, 2010.
[Short film]: The Indignants, "Aamjiwnaang and Sarnia Toxic Tour" (2013).
[Film trailer]: "The Beloved Community" (California Newsreel: 2006).
Supplementary sources:
- Andy Crosby, "We Didn't Cross the Pipeline. The Pipeline Crossed Us -- Enbridge Pipelines Manually Shut Down by Activists", The Leveller (January 25, 2016).
- "Enbridge Boosts Security After Pipeline Sabotage Incidents", The Canadian Press (January 17, 2016).
9. Struggles for Recognition in the Context of Environmental Justice
Chief Bernard Ominayak with Kevin Thomas, “These are Lubicon Lands: A First Nation Forced to Step into the Regulatory Gap” in Speaking for Ourselves.
Greenpeace Canada, "Oil on Lubicon Land: A Photo-Essay" (2011).
The Real News Network, "Canada's Lubicon Nation Continue Anti-Fracking Campaign, Court Injunction" (January 2014).
Supplementary sources:
- Lubicon Lake Nation, "Chronology of Fraudulent Lubicon Election", (n.d., accessed March 9, 2016).
- Billy Joe Laboucan, "We All Have a Role to Play in Reconciliation", Calgary Herald (March 20, 2015).
- Government of Canada (Indigenous and Northern Affairs) "Canada and Lubicon Lake Band Take a Major Step Forward with Signing of Negotiation Framework" (December 1, 2014).
10. The Case for the Energy East Pipeline
Françoise Bertrand, "Ottawa Needs to Step Up, Make the Case for Energy East", Globe and Mail (February 18, 2016).
Lauren Krugel, "Energy East Talks With First Nations on the Right Path: Fontaine", Canadian Press (November 6, 2014).
TransCanada Ltd., Energy East Pipeline (*note: this is the website making the case for the project -- all tabs must be read).
Brian Lee Crowley, “Energy East has Benefits: Just Not the Ones Many People Think”, The Globe and Mail (November 28, 2014).
Supplementary sources:
- Blair King, "I Support the Energy East Pipeline as a Pragmatic Environmentalist", Huffington Post (January 26, 2016).
- Mychalo Prystupa, "Political Support Growing to Refine Alberta's Oil, Not Export It", Vancouver Observer (February 12, 2014).
- Shawn McCarthy, "First Nations Leader Phil Fontaine: An Angry Radical Embraces Compromise", Globe and Mail (May 16, 2014).
11. The Case Against the Energy East Pipeline
Ecology Ottawa, Tar Free 613 (*note: this is a website opposing the project -- all tabs must be read).
Joel Harden and Govind Rao, "Energy Sector Collective Bargaining: Research Report", Written for the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union (April 2012).
Tim Jackson and Peter Victor, Green Economy at Community Scale (Toronto: Metcalf Foundation, November 2013).
Supplementary sources:
- Mike De Souza, "Canadian Regulator Halts TransCanada Pipeline Construction Following Spills", Reuters Canada (November 20, 2015).
- Mike De Souza, "NEB Emails Reveal Pattern of Off-Record Meetings With Pipeline Industry", National Observer (March 17, 2016).
12. Seeking Environmental Justice: Controversies and Debates
Sharmeen Khan, “Just Environmentalism? An Interview With Clayton Thomas Muller” Upping the Anti 7 (2009).
Henia Belalia, “Is Professional Activism Getting in the Way of Real Change?”, Alternet (October 29, 2013).
Michael Winship, "Naomi Klein: Climate Change is Not Just 'About Things Getter Hotter, It's About Things Getting Meaner'", Common Dreams (February 3, 2016).
Bill McKibben, "Why We Need to Keep 80% of Fossil Fuels in the Ground", Common Dreams (February 16, 2016).
